Understanding the Causes of Lower Back Pain

Dr. John K. Hong, M.D. | 3/10/2025

Lower back pain is one of the most common health issues that people experience, affecting millions worldwide. It can range from a mild discomfort to severe, chronic pain that impacts daily life. Understanding the various causes of lower back pain can help individuals make informed decisions about treatment, lifestyle changes, and prevention.

1. Muscle or Ligament Strain

One of the most frequent causes of lower back pain is muscle or ligament strain. This can occur due to overexertion, sudden movements, lifting heavy objects incorrectly, or even poor posture. The muscles and ligaments in the lower back are essential for supporting the spine and keeping the body upright. When they are overstretched or torn, it can cause significant pain and stiffness.

2. Herniated or Bulging Discs

The spine is made up of a series of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs, which act as cushions to absorb shocks and allow movement. A herniated or bulging disc occurs when the soft inner part of the disc pushes through the outer layer. This condition can place pressure on nearby nerves, leading to sharp pain, tingling, or numbness in the lower back, legs, and buttocks. A herniated disc is often a result of aging, wear and tear, or sudden trauma.

3. Degenerative Disc Disease

As we age, the intervertebral discs in the spine begin to lose hydration and elasticity. This leads to a condition known as degenerative disc disease, which can cause pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. While it may sound like a severe condition, degenerative disc disease is a natural part of the aging process. However, when combined with other risk factors, it can lead to chronic pain.

4. Sciatica

Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back down through the hips and buttocks and down each leg. The most common cause of sciatica is a herniated disc that presses on the sciatic nerve. Sciatica is often characterized by sharp, shooting pain, numbness, and tingling sensations. People with sciatica may find it difficult to sit for long periods or stand without discomfort.

5. Spinal Stenosis

Spinal stenosis occurs when the spaces within the spine narrow, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. This condition typically develops in the lower back and neck as we age. Spinal stenosis can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the lower back, as well as difficulty walking or maintaining balance.

6. Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects the cartilage in the joints, including those in the spine. As the cartilage wears down, the bones in the spine can rub against each other, leading to pain, inflammation, and stiffness. Osteoarthritis can contribute to conditions like spinal stenosis, further exacerbating lower back pain.

7. Scoliosis and Other Spinal Curvatures

Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine curves abnormally to the side, creating an S- or C-shaped curve. Although scoliosis can develop during childhood or adolescence, it often becomes more noticeable and painful in adulthood. People with scoliosis may experience lower back pain due to the uneven distribution of pressure on the spine.

8. Injuries or Trauma

Accidents, falls, or other forms of trauma can lead to fractures, sprains, or other injuries to the spine. A sudden impact can cause the bones in the spine to break, which can result in acute and sometimes long-lasting pain. Even minor injuries can lead to lingering discomfort if not properly treated.

9. Poor Posture

Poor posture is one of the leading causes of lower back pain, especially for people who spend long hours sitting at a desk or in front of a screen. Slouching, hunching over, or sitting for extended periods can strain the muscles and ligaments in the lower back, leading to discomfort. Over time, poor posture can contribute to chronic pain if not corrected.

10. Lifestyle Factors

Certain lifestyle habits can contribute to lower back pain. For example:

Obesity: Excess body weight places additional stress on the spine and can increase the risk of developing back pain.
Sedentary Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity can weaken the muscles that support the spine, leading to pain and stiffness.
Smoking: Smoking reduces blood flow to the lower back and can impair the healing process, making it harder for the body to recover from injuries or inflammation.

11. Stress and Mental Health

It’s well-documented that emotional and psychological stress can contribute to physical ailments, including lower back pain. Stress can lead to muscle tension, particularly in the neck, shoulders, and lower back. Chronic stress may also influence inflammatory processes in the body, leading to persistent pain.

12. Pregnancy

Pregnancy brings significant changes to the body, including the added weight of the baby and the shifting of the pelvis and spine. This can cause strain on the lower back, resulting in pain, especially in the later stages of pregnancy. Hormonal changes can also contribute to ligament relaxation, further increasing the risk of injury.

Conclusion

Lower back pain can arise from a variety of causes, ranging from poor posture to medical conditions such as arthritis or herniated discs. Recognizing the underlying cause is essential for effective treatment and prevention. If you're experiencing persistent or severe lower back pain, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Maintaining a healthy weight, practicing good posture, staying active, and avoiding excessive strain on your back are all important steps to prevent lower back pain and ensure long-term spinal health.

Parkview Pain and Regenerative Institute provides expert lower back pain care. Our goal it identify the exact cause of the pain and treat the pain directly and effectively to reduce pain and restore quality of life! Parkview serves Salt Lake City, Park City and surrounding areas. Call today for more information and to be seen within a week. (435) 714-7180